UASB处理低浓度城市生活污水的中试试验

研究1·2m3厌氧反应器(UASB),在自然温度(水温32~5℃)下,处理CODCr浓度为200mg/L左右的低浓度生活污水。实验采用颗粒污泥接种二次启动法。水处理系统在水温32~5℃范围内运行6个月的时间,UASB反应器在上升流速为1·4~1·7m/h,水力停留时间(HRT)为3·0~2·5h,CODCr有机污泥负荷(SLR)为0·06~0·13kg/(kg·d)时,去除效率比较稳定,CODCr去除率达40%~80%。     

环境空气自动监测车仪器路况试验分析

利用环境空气自动监测车对辖区内空气自动站进行巡检及应急监测中,越来越显示其灵活、可移动的优势,但在长距离行驶后是否因路况影响仪器的正常运行,对监测车仪器能否达到监测质量控制对仪器性能指标的要求,成为最为关心的问题,作者在各级路况开展了系统试验。通过试验得出,路况对监测车仪器影响不大,性能指标可以满足要求。     

城市生活垃圾处理技术探讨

针对城市垃圾的迅速增长．垃圾污染问题异常尖锐的问题．介绍了中国城市生活垃圾的处理技术应用现状．分析了垃圾处理存在的一些问题．对目前常用的城市生活垃圾处理方法的优缺点进行对比分析，并提出了在未来一段时间里生活垃圾处理技术的研究方向，要彻底解决垃圾问题，仅靠各种处理技术是不够的．必须完善法律、法规；改进管理方法．加强环境监测；加大科技投入，提高技术装备水平；增加资金投入；加强宣传等。     

改进型EGSB处理配置污水的小试研究

通过对不同上升流速下改进型EGSB和EGSB处理人工配置城市污水效果的比较研究,提出了一种更为有效的处理城市污水的反应器--改进型EGSB反应器,在上升流速为5.41m/h时,其出水的COD值稳定在60mg/L左右,出水SS明显要低于未改进的EGSB。同时还考察了运行期间改进型EGSB反应器内颗粒污泥的胞外多聚物、辅酶变化等,在高的上升流速下,改进型EGSB反应器中颗粒污泥的胞外多聚物含量和辅酶F420含量比未改进EGSB中的要高。     

低纬高原地区城市化对室内外气温的影响

以低纬高原城市昆明市为研究对象,通过比较分析,得出以下结论昆明地区受全球气候变暖影响年平均气温约升高0.5℃/a左右;由于城市面积扩大导致昆明的室内外气温均升高,其中室内气温升高幅度大于室外气温,干季大于雨季;不论是干季还是雨季,城市增温效应与城市建成区面积、城市人口均有较好的相关关系.城市建成区面积增加对平均气温的影响较大;而城市人口增加对平均室内气温的影响较大.城市建成区面积每增加1km2,年平均室内气温将升高0.0054℃;年平均气温升高0.012℃.而城市人口增加1 万人,年平均室内气温升高0.0259℃;年平均气温升高0.0098℃.     

Effectiveness evaluation of water-sprinkling in controlling urban fugitive road dust based on TRAKER method: A case study in Baoding, China

Fugitive road dust (FRD) contributes a great deal to urban rainwater and air pollution and is commonly controlled by water-sprinkling in most Chinese cities. However, there is a lack of information on its effectiveness. We used the Testing Re-entrained Aerosol Kinetic Emissions from Roads (TRAKER) method to monitor different types of roads in Baoding city before and within 1 hr after water-sprinkling and obtained the road dirtiness index (a) and PM concentration in the road environment ($T_{\mathrm{T}}^{*}$), to evaluate the removal efficiency for PM deposited on the road surface (${\eta }_a$) and the reduction efficiency for the PM concentration in the road environment (${\eta }_{\text{PM}}$). The results give that the ${\eta }_a$ for three types of roads is ranked: branch road (87%-–100%) > major arterial road (80%-83%) > minor arterial road (68%-77%), and the ${\eta }_{\text{PM}}$ ranked: minor arterial road (70%) > branch road (46%-58%) > major arterial road (37%-53%). The ${\eta }_a$ and ${\eta }_{\text{PM}}$ varied non-linearly with time and presented a quadratic curve. The average effective control time (${\eta }_{\mathit{a}}$> 0) was 62 min on the major and minor arterial roads, and much longer than 1 hr on branch roads. The ${\eta }_{\text{PM}}$ values diminished completely by 72 min on average from the end of sprinkling for the three types of roads. Water-sprinkling can remove PM₁₀ particles from the road surface and reduce their concentration in the road environment more thoroughly than PM_2.5. Our findings could be helpful for controlling urban FRD emissions more efficiently and precisely.     

城市特定生境下土壤动物的生态分布

通过对2002年9月至2003年3月间上海3种生境类型下土壤动物的调查,共捕获土壤动物3863个,属27个类群,其中绿地中的类群数和个体数多于农田和废弃地。农田中的优势类群为弹尾类(collembola)和蚯蚓类(Oligchaeta);废弃地中的优势类群为线虫类(Nematoda)、双翅类幼虫(Diptera(L))、螨类(Acarina)和弹尾类(Collembola);绿地中的优势类群为线蚓类(Enchytraeidae)和弹尾类(Collembola)。绿地中的优势类群为农田和绿地中的Simpson,优势度指数除12月外均高于废弃地,与Pielou均匀性指数相反,但Shannon-Wiener多样性指数规律不明显。土壤动物的数量和种类在10月份最多,随天气转冷而减少,绿地和废弃地中土壤动物个体数于次年3月份逐渐增多,农田中的于次年1月逐渐增多。表聚性显著,Ⅰ层(0～5cm)最多,Ⅱ(5～10cm)、Ⅲ(10～15cm)两层差异不大。     

湖泊暴雨径流水质模拟研究

根据暴雨径流污染物浓度变化特点，采用最小二乘法对暴雨期间污染源各监测数据进行回归分析处理，对湖底糙率采用自动调整处理，建立了湖泊暴雨径流水质模型．对滇池湖泊某次暴雨过程的总磷和总氮进行了模拟研究，计算结果表明，该模型应用于滇池湖泊是成功的．     

Acoustical environment of urban area related to the city development

This paper analyzes the relationship between urban development and noise pollution. The analysis, based on a wide range of measurements and statistical data,reveals the changes of the ambient noise resulting from city development. In conclusion the paper suggests some fundamental measures for improving the acoustical environment, the division of cities into functional areas and the development of a well designed road network. In addition, it is suggested that town planning, architecture and the implementation of appropriate regulations could also help to reduce noise levels.     

Influence of new town development on the urban heat island - The case of the Bundang area

Five new towns have been developed around the Seoul metropolitan area since 1996. However, these new towns generate lots of traffic and related problems in the areas including those new towns and Seoul as a result of increases in population and a lack of ecological-self-sufficiency. Currently, construction of another new town is under deliberation, and what should be a major consider is the notion that the new town be located within a wide, green zone. Many studies have revealed that green space can play an important role in improving urban eco-meteorological capability and air quality. In order to analyze the urban heat island which will be created by the new urban development, and to investigate the local thermal environment and its negative effects caused by a change of land use type and urbanization, Landsat TM images were used for extraction of urban surface temperature according to changes of land use over the last 15 years. These data are analyzed together with digital land use and topographic information. As a study result, it was found the urban heat island of the study area from 198.5 to 1999 rapidly developed which showed a difference of mean temperature above 2.0. Before the Bundang new town construction the temperature of the residential area was the same as a forest, but during the new town construction in 1991 analysis revealed the creation of an urban heat island. The temperature of a forest whose size is over 50% of the investigation area was lowest, and thus the presence of a forest is believed to have a direct cooling effect on the urban environment and its surroundings. The mean temperature of the residential and commercial areas in the study was found to be 4.5 higher than the forest, and therefore this part of land use is believed to be the main factor causing the temperature increase of the urban heat island.